Energy and cost management of different mixing ratios and morphologies on mono and hybrid nanofluids in collector technologies

The flat-plate solar collector (FPSC) three-dimensional (3D) model was used to numerically evaluate the energy and economic estimates. A laminar flow with 500 ≤ Re 1900, an inlet temperature of 293 K, a flux 1000 W/m2 were assumed operating conditions. Two mono nanofluids, CuO-DW Cu-DW, tested different shapes (Spherical, Cylindrical, Platelets, Blades) volume fractions. Additionally, hybrid nanocomposites from CuO@Cu/DW Platelets Blades), mixing ratios (60% + 40%, 50% 40% 60%) fractions (1 volume%, 2 3 volume% 4 volume%) compared nanofluids. At 1 = CuO-Platelets demonstrated highest pressure drop (33.312 Pa). achieved higher thermal enhancement (8.761%) at vol.% 1900. reduced size by 25.60%. Meanwhile, CuO@Cu-Spherical (40:60) needed larger 16.69% 967.61, CuO – Cylindrical 976.76, Cu 983.84, Cu-Cylindrical 992.92 presented lowest total cost. cost 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 994.82, 996.18, 997.70, respectively.